دانلود مقاله ترجمه شده استفاده از آفت کش ها و کاهش ریسک در سیستم کشاورزی اروپا همراه با IPM: مقدمه ای بر مسائل ویژه

The development and adoption of high-yielding varieties, improved agricultural techniques and rapid mechanization have contributed substantially to progress in agriculture since approximately the middle of the nineteenth century. This progress has led to the rapid increase in living standards in developed countries or the adequate standard of nutrition for the greater part of the world's population. Much of that improvement in agriculture was especially due to the substantial growth levels in the yields of important staple crops and especially their adequate protection through application of a wide range of conventional pesticides, which ensured a stable crop yield per unit area (Oerke, 2006). The key objective in the nineteenth and most of the twentieth century agriculture was to increase productivity rather than durability and sustainability. Agriculture in the twenty-first century however faces the challenge of meeting food demands while satisfying sustainability goals. This is a difficult task to be addressed since food production and nature conservation compete for the same land (DeFries and Rosenzweig, 2010; Sayer et al., 2013). This is particularly true when one considers that there is a growing demand for agricultural products in markets of emerging economies, mainly in the most populated countries.