Introduction
Soon after the successful introduction of antibiotics as therapeutic agents of infectious diseases, resistant bacteria emerged. Pathogenic bacteria have developed numerous strategies to resist the action of antibiotics, including modification and inactivation of the drug, exclusion of the antibiotic, and alteration of the target. The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is an outcome of evolution and selective pressure due to the widespread use of antibiotics in medicine, veterinary medicine, animal feeding, and agriculture. The origin of antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria is unclear