دانلود Overview of Demand Response under the Smart Grid and Market paradigms

Abstract

Demand  Response  (DR)  is  an  important  ingredient of the emerging Smart Grid paradigm. Although much of the DR emerging  under  Smart  Grid  is  targeted  at  the  distribution  level, DR  programs  are  regarded  as  important  elements  for  reliable and economic operation of the transmission system and the wholesale markets. In the context of Energy and Ancillary Service markets facilitated by the ISOs/RTOs, DR programs may be broadly classified as market-based or reliability-based depending  on  the  conditions  under  which  DR  is  deployed:  The former provide for DR vis-à-vis economic signals, while the latter are  generally  triggered  under  emergency  conditions.  Depending  on the ISO/RTO market design and applicable operational standards, the market products DR can offer may include Energy, Reserve Ancillary Services (i.e., Supplemental/Non-spinning  Reserve,  Spinning/Responsive  Reserve,  or  Regulating  Reserve), and Capacity.  In  this  paper  we  first  explore  different  facets  of  Demand  Response under the Smart Grid paradigm. We then briefly summarize the existing and evolving Demand Response programs  at  different  ISOs/RTOs  and  the  product  markets  they  can participate in. We conclude by addressing some of the challenges and potential solutions for implementation of DR under Smart Grid and Market paradigms.